Shoulder dislocation-A shoulder dislocation occurs when the head of the upper arm bone (humerus) is displaced
from the shoulder socket (glenoid). It's one of the most commonly dislocated joints due to its wide range of
motion and relatively shallow socket.

Causes of Shoulder Dislocation

• Trauma (Most Common)

  Direct Impact: Falls, car accidents, or blows to the shoulder.

  Sports Injuries: Especially in contact sports (e.g., rugby, football) or sports involving
  overhead motions (e.g., volleyball, baseball).

• Overuse or Repetitive Strain

  -Repetitive overhead activities can weaken the shoulder joint over time, leading to instability.

  -Common in athletes like swimmers, throwers, or gymnasts.

• Congenital or Acquired Instability

  Some individuals have inherently loose ligaments (e.g., Ehlers-Danlos syndrome) that make them more prone to
  dislocations.

• Previous Dislocations

  A history of dislocation increases the risk of recurrence due to ligament and capsule damage.

Types of Shoulder Dislocations

• Anterior Dislocation (Most Common: 95% of cases):

  The humeral head moves forward out of the socket.

  Typically caused by a fall with an outstretched arm or forceful external rotation.

• Posterior Dislocation:

  The humeral head moves backward.

  Often associated with seizures, electric shocks, or direct trauma.

• Inferior Dislocation (Rare):

  The humeral head moves downward.

  Usually results from hyperabduction injuries.

Treatment of Shoulder Dislocation

• Immediate First Aid

  Immobilization: Use a sling to immobilize the joint.

  Ice Application: Reduce swelling and pain.

  Seek Medical Attention Promptly: Do not attempt to relocate the joint yourself as it may cause
  further injury.

• Reduction

  Performed by a healthcare professional under sterile conditions:

  1. Closed Reduction (Non-Surgical):

     Techniques like the Hippocratic, Kocher, or Stimson methods.

     Sedation or muscle relaxants may be used to ease the process.

  2. Open Reduction (Surgical):

     Required if closed reduction fails or there is associated fracture or soft tissue injury.

• Post-Reduction Care

  Imaging: X-ray or MRI to confirm proper alignment and check for associated injuries.

  mmobilization: I Arm is immobilized in a sling for 1–3 weeks depending on the severity.

• Rehabilitation

  Gradual physiotherapy to restore range of motion, strength, and stability.

  Exercises include:

  1. Pendulum exercises (early recovery).
  2. Rotator cuff strengthening.
  3. Stretching and resistance training.

• Surgical Intervention (if needed)

  1. Indications:

     Recurrent dislocations.

     Significant ligament or labral tears (e.g., Bankart lesion).

     Fractures or bone defects (e.g., Hill-Sachs lesion).

  2. Procedures:

     Arthroscopic stabilization (e.g., Bankart repair).

     Open surgeries like Latarjet procedure.

• Prevention

  Strengthening shoulder and rotator cuff muscles.

  Avoiding activities that put undue stress on the shoulder.

  Proper warm-ups before physical activity.

  Wearing protective gear during contact sports.