Frozen shoulder, or adhesive capsulitis, is a condition where the shoulder joint becomes stiff and painful, limiting movement. The exact cause isn't always clear, but several factors can contribute to its development:

• Injury or Surgery

  Shoulder injuries, such as fractures or dislocations, or surgery (like rotator cuff surgery) can lead to immobilization of the shoulder. Prolonged lack of movement or physical therapy during recovery can cause the joint capsule to stiffen.

• Inflammation

  Inflammation of the shoulder's connective tissues can lead to scarring and thickening of the capsule around the joint. This limits movement and causes pain.

• Diabetes

  People with diabetes, particularly those with poorly controlled blood sugar, are at higher risk for developing frozen shoulder. The exact link isn't fully understood, but it's believed that diabetes may affect the body’s ability to heal and reduce blood flow to the shoulder.

• Age and Gender

  Frozen shoulder is more common in people between the ages of 40 and 60. It also occurs more frequently in women than men.

• Immobilization

  Prolonged immobilization of the shoulder due to injury, surgery, or illness (like a stroke) can increase the risk of frozen shoulder. Lack of use can lead to stiffness and adhesions in the joint capsule.

• Autoimmune Conditions

  Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or other autoimmune diseases can contribute to
  inflammation in the shoulder joint, leading to frozen shoulder.

• Thyroid Disorders

  Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism have been linked to an increased risk of frozen shoulder, though the connection is not completely understood.

• Heart Disease

  Some studies suggest a connection between heart disease (especially after a heart attack) and frozen shoulder, although the reason for this association is still unclear.

• Genetic Predisposition

  A family history of frozen shoulder or other joint issues can increase the likelihood of developing this condition, suggesting that genetics may play a role.

Frozen shoulder often progresses through stages: pain, stiffness, and eventual recovery, though full recovery can take months or even years. Treatment typically includes physical therapy, anti-inflammatory medications, and sometimes corticosteroid injections to reduce pain and inflammation.